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Cite: Kyivska G.V., Mezhenskyi A.O., Kulykova V.V., Drozhzhe Zh.M. Epidemiolohichni aspekty hrypu konei u sviti(ohliadova stattia). [Epidemiological aspects of equine influenza in the world (review article)] Veterynarna biotekhnolohiia – Veterinary biotechnology, 46, 26-46. https://doi.org/10.31073/vet_biotech46-02 [in Ukrainian].

 

Kyivska G.V. 1, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Mezhenskyi A.O. 2, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Kulykova V.V. 1, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Drozhzhe Zh.M. 1, e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

1 State Research Institute for Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary Sanitary Expertise

2 Institute of Veterinary Medicine, NAAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine 

 

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF EQUINE INFLUENZA IN THE WORLD (REVIEW ARTICLE)

Introduction. Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious respiratory disease that affects horses and has significant economic consequences for the global equine industry. It has a worldwide distribution and cases must be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). Understanding the epidemiology of the disease, risk factors and enabling conditions is important to prevent the introduction of equine influenza virus.

The goal of the work. A review of historical and modern data on the spread of equine influenza in the world, general trends and risk factors.

Materials and methods. Analysis of literature sources devoted to a comprehensive study of equine influenza.

Results of research and discussion. Influenza virus (IV) is easily transmitted by direct contact and airborne droplets, which allows for rapid spread over long distances. Strengthening international ties in sports and equine breeding contributes to the risks of EI spread.

The high antigenic variability of IV gives it significant potential for interspecies infection, incl. humans, horses, dogs, cats, birds, marine mammals, bats, pigs. There is evidence of human infection with EIV, with the first confirmed cases of human infection from contact with horses being reported in 1957 in Ukraine by serological diagnostics. Currently, EI is known to be caused by only two main subtypes of the virus – H3N8 and H7N7, with the latter not being detected since the 1970s. So far, only EIV H3N8 causes significant economic losses in horse breeding. The H3N8 subtype emerged in 1963 in America and has since spread throughout the world, continuing to cause epizootics. In the 1980s, H3N8 further diverged into American and Eurasian lineages. The American lineage subsequently branched into Kentucky, South American, and Florida sublineages. The Florida sublineage underwent additional evolution in the early 2000s, resulting in two subtypes: Florida Clade 1 (FC1) and Florida Clade 2 (FC2).

Recent research data from Ukrainian scientists indicate that equine influenza virus type A is currently circulating among unvaccinated domestic horses in Ukraine.

Travel has been shown to affect the prevalence of diseases due to stress factors and effects on the immune response, shared housing and contact of horses at shows, breeding, sales, as well as different levels of biosecurity between these events [66.7.7].

There are many risk factors for the occurrence of EI epidemics, both natural and anthropogenic. The presence of wind, especially high speed from infected areas, increased the risk of EIV transmission to horses downwind, such as during the 2007 Australian outbreak. In addition, multiple epidemiological analyses of several outbreaks have confirmed the role of humidity and temperature in EIV transmission. In particular, low temperatures and dry conditions have been found to be correlated with disease incidence [49.5.20].

Conclusions and prospects for further research. Knowledge and understanding of the history and transmission routes of equine influenza virus, as well as risk factors, will help prevent the introduction and spread of the disease among domestic soled animals. However, due to the high variability of the virus, the effectiveness of existing vaccines must be continually monitored and adjustments made in a timely manner. EI is characterized by high morbidity and low mortality, which determines its infectiousness and rapid spread between susceptible horse hosts. Therefore, it is important to conduct timely and correct laboratory tests using molecular diagnostics to identify the equine influenza virus, since it is impossible to diagnose EI based only on clinical signs due to their atypicality.

Keywords: equine influenza, epidemiology, risk factors, vaccination.

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